Hormonal abnormalities in azoospermic men in Kano, Northern Nigeria
Emokpae, M A
Background & objectives: We undertook this study to observe the pattern of hormonal abnormalities and testicular pathology in azoospermic male Africans in Kano, Northern Nigeria.
Methods: Eighty consecutive azoospermic infertile males attending fertility clinic in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, were selected for the study. Their semen were analyzed three times at eight weeks interval, after which serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and prolactin were assayed in serum samples, and histological examination of testicular biopsies done.
Results: Of the 80 subjects studied, 32 (40%) had abnormal hormonal levels, 48 (60%) had normal hormonal values and 36 (45%) had testicular pathology.
Interpretation & conclusion: Endocrinopathies are common in azoospermia. Their contribution to male factor infertility cannot be overemphasized. The main reason for the endocrinopathies is not known but environmental factors, endocrine disrupters and genetic polymorphism have been suggested to be contributory.
Key words Azoospermia – follicle stimulating hormone – luteinizing hormone – prolactin – testosterone
Infertility is an important medical and social problem in the world. In about 60 per cent of all couples experiencing infertility, male factor is responsible in about 40 per cent of the couples1. It is now generally accepted that the treatment of male factor infertility is equally as important as the treatment of the female factor. Studies from Nigeria have shown that azoospermia was present in 6.55 per cent2 of males attending a general infertility clinic and 35 per cent3 in those attending male infertility clinic. The causes of azoospermia such as failure of spermatogenesis and obstruction of the ductal system particularly the vas deferens have been investigated4. It was reported that obstruction of the vas deferens was not a major cause of azoospermia in Nigeria4,5. Infection of the seminal fluid has been implicated as the major cause of azoospermia in infertile males in eastern Nigeria6. Since infections are known to damage the vas deferens and seminiferous tubules, the study of circulating levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone are required7. Post bacterial infections and idiopathic testicular pathology are documented as common causes of azoopermia6.
The present study was undertaken to examine the circulating levels of FSH, LH, prolactin (PRL) and testosterone as contributory factors to azoospermia in azoospermic male Africans attending the fertility clinic a hospital in northern Nigeria. The role of testicular pathology in the study group was also evoluated.
Material & Methods
A total of 80 consecutive infertile azoospermic males attending the fertility clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano, Nigeria during 2002 to 2004, were included in this study. The age of these men ranged from 25 – 46 yr with a mean of 38.4 ± 3.2 yr. Twenty normospermic males aged 28 – 48 yr with a mean age of 39.5 ± 2.6 yr were included as control subjects. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Ethics Committee and the medical records of the subjects were retrieved from the medical records department.
Information regarding the past medical history, social history, physical examination of the testes, results of semen analysis and histological evaluation of testicular biopsy were extracted from medical records of individual patients. These subjects had no history of diabetes or hypertension and of previous surgical operation. Only 10 patients (12.5%) admitted to consumption of alcohol occasionally while 50 (62.5%) admitted smoking cigarettes. Their azoospermic condition was confirmed when a repeat semen analysis showed no sperm cells while the mean sperm density of control subjects was 46.8 cells/ml.
Blood samples were obtained for estimation of testosterone, prolactin (PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Sera were obtained after centrifugation at 1000 g for 10 min. The serum samples were kept at -20°C until they were analyzed. FSH, LH, PRL and testosterone levels were quantitated by ROCHE ELECSYS 1010 using electrochemiluminescene immunoassay technique.
Student’s test was used to compare the mean values and level of significance was set as P
Results
Of the 80 males, 32 (40%) had abnormal hormonal levels (Table), ten had elevated FSH and LH, diminished testosterone and normal prolactin levels, 12 had diminished FSH, LH, and prolactin and normal testosterone while four had elevated prolactin levels and normal levels of FSH, LH and testosterone. Two had isolated elevation of FSH and three had isolated elevation of LH level. Forty eight (60%) of these azoospermic subjects had normal levels of prolactin, FSH, LH and testosterone. Only one who had no ejaculate despite repeated achievement of orgasm had diminished level of FSH, while prolactin, LH and testosterone were normal. Statistically significant differences were observed (
On testicular biopsies of these azoospermic males, 17 (21.3%) had partial or complete spermatogenic arrest, eight (10%) had testicular atrophy, seven (8.75%) had moderate to severe hypospermatogenesis while two (2.5%) had epididymal ducts devoid of spermatozoa. One person each had testicular dysgenesis, and germinal cell aplasia. Forty four (55%) had no significant testicular pathology.
Of the 10 subjects with primary hypogonadism, eight had testicular atrophy, one each had germinal cell aplasia and testicular dysgenesis. Ten of the 12 subjects with secondary hypogonadism had spermatogenic arrest and two had epididymal ducts devoid of spermatozoa, while four subjects with hyperprolactinaemia had hypospermatogenesis. However, seven males with normal hormonal levels had spermatogenic arrest while three had hypospermatogenesis. Two subjects with increased and one with decreased FSH and three with increased LH had normal testicular morphology.
Discussion
Our findings showed that hormonal abnormalities, underlying testicular pathology were common in this group of infertile azoospermic males.
Evaluation of the infertile men requires a complete medical history, physical examination and laboratory investigations with the aim to identify and treat correctable causes. The purpose should be to counsel patients and spare the spouse of invasive procedures and potential complications associated with such procedures8. Oligospermia and azoospermia are common causes of male infertility in sub Saharan Africa9,10. Our results showed that 40 per cent azoospermic males had abnormal hormonal levels, the pattern of abnormalities however varied, ten had primary hypogonadism. This is an indication of testicular failure in which there is loss of negative feedback by testicular products. There is defect in the testes despite increased levels of FSH and LH, the testes cannot produce adequate quality sperm cells. Marked elevation of FSH in the azoospermic patients strongly suggest testicular failure and a poor prognosis. This result is partly consistent with previous studies elsewhere11,13. Fifteen per cent of our subjects had secondary hypogonadism. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a result of decreased gonadotropin stimulation of potentially normal testes14,15. Hyperprolactinaemia observed in four subjects partly confirms the earlier reports16,17 that it is common in infertile Nigerian men. These hormonal abnormalities can be corrected if the patients report to the hospital early. It is usually recommended that clinical evaluations of the male partner be done after a year of unprotected intercourse has passed without conception9,18.
The isolated increase in FSH level may indicate disturbance of seminiferous tubules function probably due to deficient secretion of inhibin and sex steroids. However, clinical experience suggests that in some men an elevated FSH level may represent a hormone of reduced biologic activity or an imbalance in the gonadal-pituitary feedback mechanism and not irreversible germinal epithelial damage15. Similarly isolated elevation of LH level may suggest the presence of a crossreacting substance such as hCG14. One patient, who had no ejaculate despite achieving orgasm, had diminished FSH level with the other parameters within normal limits. The medical history of this patient revealed that his testies were pulled during a football match a couple of years earlier.
Histological examination of testicular biopsies revealed that the azoospermic condition was not due to primary testicular defects in half of the subjects. Spermatogenic arrest, testicular atrophy and hypospermatogenesis were the most common testicular abnormalities observed in this study. The main causes of these conditions are not known, but the rapid pace of increasing incidence of azoospermia and other conditions responsible for male factor infertility point to environmental factors. Chromosomal abnormalities have also been reported to be as one of the genetic factors contributing to male infertility19. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and genetic polymorphisms have been hypothesized to influence male reproductive health20,23.
The effects of environmental factors such as pesticide and heavy metal contamination require further investigation. Clinicians also need to bear in mind the possibility of intrinsic abnormalities of the testes as factors responsible for male infertility. In such situations prompt identification and correction of treatable conditions is vital in restoring fertility. Counseling is essential in selected patients such as testicular dysgenesis, where fertility cannot be improved, and alternative approaches such as artificial donor insemination, surrogacy and adoption should be considered. Hormonal therapy should be administered where appropriate to correct endocrine abnormities.
In conclusion, male infertility is becoming an increasingly prominent contributory factor in the evaluation of infertile couples. Practitioners particularly reproductive endocrinologists and fertility specialists require to recognize the varied spectrum of abnormalities in the male subjects. A comprehensive detailed laboratory work – up incorporating hormonal assessment, semen analysis and in selected patients histological evaluation of testicular biopsy material will substantially facilitate appropriate patient management.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank Mallam Mansur of the health records department, the fertility and urology teams, staff of chemical pathology and urogenital laboratories of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital for their assistance.
References
1. Werner MA. Male infertility. http/www.Werner md com./ male infertility.
2. Marinho AO. Aetiological factors in infertility-A review of 277 infertile Nigerian couples. West Afri J Med 1986; 5 : 69-74.
3. Nkposong EO, Lawani J, Osanyintuji SO, Awojobi AO. Semen analysis in Ibadan. Nig Med J 1982; 12 : 181-6.
4. Ojengbede AO, Omonria WE, Ladipo AO. Screening for obstruction of the vas deferens in Nigerian men with azoospermia using the x-glucosidase reaction in semen. Afri J Med Sci 1992; 21 : 79-81.
5. Emokpae MA, Emokpae LA. Calcium concentration in semen of azoospermic Nigerians. J Med Lab Sci 1997; 6 : 42-3.
6. Megafu U. Seminal fluid infection and oligospermia. Trop J Obstet Gyneacol 1991; 9 : 10-2.
7. Emokpae MA. A review of laboratory investigations of male infertility. Nig J Med 1999; 8 : 104-7.
8. Kolettis PNB. Evaluation of the sub fertile man. Am Fam Physician 2003; 67 : 2165-71.
9. Talbert LM. Overview of the diagnostic evaluation. In: Hammond MG, Talbert LM, editors. Infertility – A practical guide for the physician, 3rd ed. Oxford: Boston Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 p. 1-10.
10. Ajabor LM, Ezimokhai M, Kadiri A. Male contribution to sub-fertility in Benin City, Nigeria. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol 1981; 2 :53-6.
11. Subhan F, Tahir F, Ahmed R, Khan ZU. The study of azoospermic patients in relation to their hormonal profile (LH, FSH and testosterone). Rawal Med J 1995; 22 : 25-7.
12. Subhan F, Tahir F, Alam W, Sultan S, Dil AS, Shahab M. Seminal and hormonal profiles of fertile and subfertile Pakistani men – a study of infertility cases. Pak J Med Res 2000; 39 : 42-5.
13. Khan MS, Subhan F, Kazi BM, Tahir F, Dil AS, AH I, et al. Semen parameters and hormonal profile of infertile patients. Hamdard Med 2004; XLVII : 48-51.
14. Winters SJ. Evaluation of testicular function. In: Kenneth LB, editor. Principle and practice of endocrinology and metabolism. Philadelphia: JB Lippoincott Company; 1990 p. 942-8.
15. Plymate SR, Paulsen CA. Male hypogonadism. In: Kenneth LB, editor. Principle and practice of endocrinology and metabolism. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company; 1990 p. 948-70.
16. Kuku SF. African endocrine infertility – a review. Afri J Med Sci 1995; 24 : 111-23.
17. Kuku SF, Akinyanju PA, Ojiefo JO. Serum levels of gonadotropins, prolactin and testosterone in oligo/ azoospermic Nigerian males. Int J Fertile 1988; 3 : 40-4.
18. Mann T. The biochemistry of semen and of the male reproductive tract. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1964 p. 100-6.
19. Nagvenkar P, Desai K, Hinduja I, Zaveri K. Chromosomal studies in infertile men with oligozoospermia and nonobstructive azoospermia. Indian J Med Res 2005; 122 : 11-2.
20. Toppari J, Haavisto AM, Alanen M. Changes in male reproductive health and effects of endocrine disrupters in Scandinavian countries. Cad Saude Publica 2002; 18 : 413-20.
21. Boisen KA, Main KM, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebeak NE. Are male reproductive disorders a common entity? The testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001 ; 948 : 90-9.
22. Osoba AO, Sub-fertility and infertility in Africa. Adadevoh BK, editors. The caxton Press (W Africa) ltd Ibadan; 1974 p. 81.
23. Weber RF, de baat C. Male fertility. Possibly affected by occupational exposure to mercury. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2000; 707 : 495-8.
M.A. Emokpae, P.O. Uadia+, A.Z. Mohammed* & A. Omale-Itodo**
Departments of Chemical Pathology, * Pathology, & ** Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano & +Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, Benin city, Nigeria
Received December 19, 2005
Reprint requests: Dr M.A. Emokpae, Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital
P.M.B. 3452, Kano, Nigeria
e-mail: biodunemokpae@yahoo.com
Copyright Indian Council of Medical Research Sep 2006
Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights Reserved
