The Global Emission Control Catalyst Network of [dmc.sup.2]
A World of Research and Development
Our affiliated R&D teams in Germany and Japan continuously improve upon emission control catalyst technologies. The improved technologies are then transferred to [dmc.sup.2]’s technical centers located in major auto manufacturing regions of the world. In this manner, the emission control catalyst customers of [dmc.sup.2] have rapid access to the best available emission control solutions in North America. The Auburn Hills, Michigan, Technical Center is structured to deliver the best technology in a minimal amount of time for customers serving both regional and global markets.
The HPT-X5 Meets New Emission Regulations Worldwide
Changing emission regulations worldwide present a challenge to vehicle manufacturers. HPT-X5, a platinum- and rhodium-based emission control technology produced by [dmc.sup.2], helps the vehicle manufacturers meet that challenge. This versatile technology offers higher temperature stability while incorporating a minimal amount of precious metal. The HPT-X5 technology and other catalysts designed for gasoline and diesel applications are manufactured at [dmc.sup.2] facilities throughout the world. [dmc.sup.2] offers a wide range of technologies on ceramic and metallic substrates, including:
* Three-way and OBD (Pt/Rh, Pd/Rh, Pt/Pd/Rh, Pd only)
* GDI and Diesel NOx Storage
* Diesel Oxidation
* Diesel Active Hydrocarbon and Passive deNOx
* Urea SCR
* Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF)
Global Capabilities
A worldwide network of affiliated R&D facilities, technical centers and catalyst manufacturing plants gives [dmc.sup.2] a truly global footprint in the automotive industry. All facilities are QS 9000 and VDA 6.1 certified as required and fully capable of delivering local solutions to stringent emission regulations around the world. [dmc.sup.2] and affiliates supply catalysts from production facilities in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Germany, Sweden, South Africa, Japan, South Korea and Thailand.
Technical Milestones
North America:
Development Stages:
1960
Pellet Catalysts
1973
Ceramic monolith catalysts
1976
Metal monolith catalysts
1978
Pellet catalyst production in Calvert City, Kentucky (USA)
1983
Monolith catalysts production in Burlington (Canada)
1987
Diesel catalysts for passenger cars
1993
Production start-up of monolithic three-way and HD diesel catalysts in Calvert City, Kentucky (USA) and Himeji (Japan)
1994
Monolith catalysts production in Puebla (Mexico)
1996
GDI catalysts
1997
Establishment of Technical Center in Auburn Hills, Michigan (USA)
SCR catalysts systems
Active hydrocarbon deNOx catalyst
1998
GDI NOX adsorber catalyst
2000
Production of palladium/rhodium (MLKX-5) and platinum/rhodium (HPT-X5) in Burlington (Canada)
DPF filters and passive deNOx catalyst
Fuel Cell Components from [dmc.sup.2] are Available Today
[dmc.sup.2] supplies fuel cell products to the development marketplace and is preparing to meet a growing future demand in the years ahead. [dmc.sup.2] fuel cell products, designed to support the operation of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems, include the pMembrain[TM] membrane electrode assembly (MEA), protonics[TM] fuel processing catalysts, and elysl[TM] electrocatalysts. These products’ proven technology is based on more than 15 years of research dedicated to the catalysis function of fuel cells.
pMembrain, a proprietary MEA, has been designed to meet the specifications of various fuel cell stack sizes, shapes and operating parameters. [dmc.sup.2] integrates its own electrocatalysts into the five-layer (PEM, anode, cathode, two gas distribution layers) or three-layer (PEM, anode, cathode) pMembrain MEAs. One important feature of [dmc.sup.2]’s MEA is the simple design which is expected to result in simplified manufacturing and reduced product cost. MEA lifetime is also a priority in [dmc.sup.2]’s MEA design. Automated pilot production of pMembrain MEAs is scheduled to begin during 2001 at [dmc.sup.2]’s Hanau-Wolfgang facility in Germany.
In addition to the MEA, [dmc.sup.2] provides the protonics family of fuel processing catalysts (reforming, water gas shift, preferential oxidation and tail gas oxidation) that are used to convert fuels such as gasoline and methanol to hydrogen and purify the hydrogen for fuel cell use. [dmc.sup.2] elyst platinum and platinum-ruthenium electrocatalysts are used as fuel cell electrodes and provide CO-tolerant anode performance for systems engineered to operate on reformate fuel.
[dmc.sup.2] has applied its know-how in catalysis, coatings technology and precious metals chemistry to develop and manufacture components that will support the success of fuel cell power generation in the years ahead. Partner with [dmc.sup.2] today and reduce your product development cycle time, scale-up risks and reengineering.
UNITED STATES
US FEDERAL TAILPIPE EMISSION LIMITS
US Tier 1. NLEV and Tier 2 Emission Standards
(US FTP 75 cycle)
Eff. Vehicle up to CO g/mile CO (-7C) HC g/mile NHMC g/mile NOx g/mile
Date 6000 lbs. 50K/100K g/mile 50K 50K 50K/100K (petrol)
MY GVWR miles miles miles miles 50K/100K
miles
1994- PC/LDT1 0- 3.4/4.2 10.0 0.41 0.25/0.31 0.4/0.6
2000 [1] 3750 lbs. LVW
Tier 1
LDT2 4.4/5.5 10.0 N/A/0.80 0.32/0.40 0.7/0.97
3751-5750 lbs.
LVW
Eff. NOx g/mile PM g/mile
Date (diesel) 50K/100K
MY 50K/100K miles
miles
1994- 1.0/1.25 0.08/0.10
2000 [1]
Tier 1
1.0/1.25 0.08/0.10
Vehicle CO g/mile CO (-7C) HC g/mile NMHC g/mile NOx g/mile
[greater than] 6000 lbs. 50K/120K g/mile 50K 50K/120K (petrol)GVWR miles 50K/120K miles miles 50K/120K
miles miles
LDT3 4.4/6.4 12.5 N/A/0.80 0.32/0.46 0.7/0.98
Up to 5750 lbs.
ALVW
LDT4 [greater than]5750 5.0/7.3 12.5 N/A/0.80 0.39/0.56 1.1/1.53
lbs. ALVW
Vehicle NOx g/mile PM g/mile
[greater than] 6000 lbs. (diesel) 50K/120K milesGVWR 50K/120K miles (petrol and diesel)
LDT3 –/0.98 N/A/0.10
Up to 5750 lbs.
ALVW
LDT4 [greater than]5750 –/1.53 N/A/0.12
lbs. ALVW
Eff. Vehicle type CO g/mile 50K miles
date
1999 PC/LT [less than or equal to] 3750 lbs.LVW 3.4
NLEV LT 3751-5750 lbs.LVW 4.4
2000 PC/LT [less than or equal to] 3750 lbs.LVW 3.4
NLEV LT 3751-5750 lbs.LVW 4.4
2001 [2] PC/LT [less than or equal to] 3750 lbs.LVW 3.4
NLEV LT 3751-5750 lbs.LVW 4.4
Eff. Fleet average NOx g/mile 50K miles
date NMOG g/mile 50K miles
1999 0.148 0.2
NLEV 0.190 0.4
2000 0.095 0.2
NLEV 0.124 0.4
2001 [2] 0.075 0.2
NLEV 0.100 0.4
Eff. Vehicle CO g/mile CO (-7C) NMHC g/mile 50K/100K NOx g/mile
Date type 50K/100K g/mile 50K miles (petrol)
miles miles 50K/100K miles
2004 [3] LDV 1.7 [4] 3.4 [4] 0.125 [4] 0.2 [4,5]
Tier 2 0.07 [4]
Eff. NOx g/mile PM g/mile
Date (diesel) (diesel)
50K/100K 50K/100K miles
miles
2004 [3] 0.2 [4,5] 0.08 [4]
Tier 2 0.07 [4]
MY = model year; LDV = light-duty vehicle; PC = passenger cars; LT = light truck; LVW = loaded vehicle weight; GVWR = gross vehicle weight; ALVW = adjusted loaded vehicle weight; CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NMHC = non methane hydrocarbon; NOx = oxides of nitrogen; PM = particulate matter; N/A = not applicable.
(1.)US 94/Tier 1 phased in to 100% compliance by 1996 model year and effective nationwide through 2000, with the exception of nine Northeastern states (sans New York and Massachusetts. which have California standards) and the District of Columbia. where the EPA implemented NLEV standards began in 1299;
(2.)NLEV standards adopted by Northeastern states in 1999 and to be applied nationwide beginning 2001;
(3.)Tier 2 standards apply to all vehicles, regardless of fuel type. Tier 2 to begin phase-in 2004. Compliance by all light-duty vehicle classes, including heavy light-duty vehicles, is to be achieved by 2009. Tier 2 requirements have 11 levels of stringency, referred to as “EPA bins” with an average standard for NOx. Automakers can certify vehicles to any one of the bins, but must meet the fleet average NOx requirement.
(4.)Limits are for 100,000 miles
(5.)Transitional limits for heavy light-duty vehicles (6,000-8,500 lbs.) from 2004-2007.
Tire 2 Emission Standards for Cars and
Light-Duty Trucks
Effective 2004 – 2009 MY (US FTP 75 cycle)
Bin No. NMOG g/mile CO g/mile NOx [7] g/mile PM g/mile
50/120K miles 50/120K miles 50/120K miles 50/120K miles
MDPV [3] –/0.280 –/7.3 –/0.9 –/0.12
10 [1,2,4,6] 0.125/0.156 3.4/4.2 0.4/0.6 –/0.08
(0.160/0.230) (4.4/6.4)
9 [1,2,5] 0.075/0.090 3.4/4.2 0.2/0.3 –/0.06
(0.140/0.180
8 [2] 0.100/0.125 3.4/4.2 0.14/0.20 –/0.02
(0.125/0.156)
7 0.075/0.090 3.4/4.2 0.11/0.15 –/0.02
6 0.075/0.090 3.4/4.2 0.08/0.10 –/0.01
5 0.075/0.090 3.4/4.2 0.05/0.07 –/0.01
4 –/0.070 –/2.1 –/0.04 –/0.01
3 –/0.055 –/2.1 –/0.03 –/0.01
2 –/0.010 –/2.1 –/0.02 –/0.01
1 –/0.00 –/0.0 –/0.00 –/0.00
Bin No. HCHO g/mile
50/120K miles
MDPV [3] –/0.032
10 [1,2,4,6] 0.015/0.018
(0.018/0.027)
9 [1,2,5] 0.015/0.018
8 [2] 0.015/0.018
7 0.015/0.018
6 0.015/0.018
5 0.015/0/0.018
4 –/0.011
3 –/0.011
2 –/0.004
1 –/0.000
In parentheses are additional temporary “relaxed” bins in effect until 2008.
(1.)bin deleted at end of 2006 model year, 2008 for HLDTs (heavy light duty trucks);
(2.)higher temporary NMOG (non methane organic gas), CO and HCHO (formaldehyde) values apply to HLDTs and expire after 2008;
(3.)additional temporary bins restricted to MDPVs (medium duty passenger vehicle) and expires after 2008;
(4.)optional temporary NMOG standard of 0.105/0.280 50/120K g/mile for qualifying LDT4s and MDPVs;
(5.)optional temporary NMOG standard of 0.100/0.130 g/mile at 50/120K applies to qualifying LDT2s;
(6.)1 150K mile standard optional for diesels certified to Bin 10;
(7.)NOx average manufacturer fleet standard is 0.07 glmile.
Future US Gasoline Sulfur Standards
Averaging period Refinery/importer Corporate pool Maximum cap.
beginning average. ppm/gal average. ppm/gal ppm/gal
Jan. 1, 2004 Not applicable 120 300
Jan. 1, 2005 30 90 300
Jan. 1, 2006+ 30 Not applicable 80
Temporary, less-stringent standards to apply to small refiners through 2007.
Also temporary, less-stringent standards to apply to limited geographic area
in western US between 2004-2006.
US Reformulated Gasoline, Simple Model Per Gallon Requirement
RVP lbs./sq.in. RVP lbs./sq.in. Oxygen % toxic emission
Region 1 Region 2 %/w reductions
[less than] 7.2 [less than] 8.1 [greater than] 2.0 [greater than] 15.0RVP lbs./sq.in. Benzene
Region 1 %/v
[less than] 7.2 [less than] 1.0US Gasoline Fuel Standards
Parameter Environmental
and Unit Protection Agency CARB
Ambient Cold CO Cold CO Phase 2
low octane high octane
Octane 93 87.8[+ or -]3 92.3[+ or -]0.5 91
(R+M)/2
RVP [1] 8-9.2 11.5[+ or -]3 11.5[+ or -]3 6.7-7.0
psi (kPa) (55.2-63.4) (46.8-48.3)
RVP Evap 8.7-9.2 – – 7
Psi (kPa) (60-63.4) (48.3
T10[degrees]F 120-135 98-118 105-125 130-150
T50[degrees]F 200-230 179-214 195-225 200-210
T90[degrees]F 300-325 316-346 316-346 290-300
FBP[degrees]F 415 413 413 390
Aromatics 35 26.4[+ or -]4 32[+ or -]4 22-25
% vol.
Olefins 10 12.5[+ or -]5 10[+ or -]5 4-6
% vol.
Benzene – – – 0.8-1
% vol.
Sulfur ppm 1000 [1] 350[[+ or -]150 200[+ or -]150 30-40
Lead 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01
G/gal(g/l) (0.013) (0.013) (0.013)
Phosphorus 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
G/gal(g/l) (0.0013) (0.0013) (0.0013)
RVP (reed vapor pressure) for high altitude tests: 7.6-8.0 psi or 52-55 kPa
(1.)becomes 300 in 2004 and 80 in 2006.
California Emission Standards (US 75 cycle)
for 2001 – 2003 [1] Model Year Tier 1 and
TLEV Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks
2001 – 2006 Model Year LEV I and ULEV I
Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks
Eff. Date Vehicle type Emission CO g/mile NMOG g/mile
category 50K/100K miles 50K/100K miles
See above PC/LDT[greater than or Tler 1 3.4/4.2 0.25/0.31
equal] 3750 TLEV 3.4/4.2 0.125/0.156
lbs. LVW LEV 3.4/4.2 0.075/0.90
ULEV 1.7/2.1 0.40/0.055
LDT2 3751- Tier 1 4.4/5.5 0.32/0.40
5750 lbs. LVW TLEV 4.4/5.5 0.160/0.200
LEV 4.4/5.5 0.1/0.130
ULEV 2.2/2.8 0.05/0.070
Eff. Date HCHO g/mile NOx g/mile PM g/mile 50K/100K
50K/100K miles 50K/100K miles miles
See above –/– 0.4/0.6 0.08/–
0.015/0.018 0.4/0.6 –/0.08
0.015/0.018 0.2/0.3 –/0.08
0.008/0.011 0.2/0.3 –/0.04
–/– 0.7/0.9 0.08/–
0.018/0.023 0.7/0.9 –/0.10
0.018/0.023 0.4/0.5 –/0.10
0.009/0.013 0.4/0.5 –/0.05
PC = passenger car LDT light-duly truck; TLEV = transitional low emissions vehicle; LEV = low emissions vehicle; ULEV = ultra low emissions vehicle; LVW= loaded vehicle weight.
(1.) After 2003. Tier I and TLEV standards will be eliminated as emission categories. Additional SFTP (supplemental federal test procedure) cycle to be phased-in in California 2001-2005.
California LEV. II Emission Standards for
LEV ULEV and SULEV Passenger Cars and
Light-Duty Trucks (US FTP 75 cycle)
Eff. Vehicle Miles Emission CO g/mile NMOG g/mile Formaldehyde
Date type Category mg/mile
2004- PC/LT 50,000 LEV 3.4 0.075 15
2009 [1] [less than]8500 LEV [2] 3.4 0.075 15
lbs. GVW ULEV 1.7 0.04 8
120,000 LEV 4.2 0.09 18
LEV [2] 4.2 0.09 18
ULEV 2.1 0.055 11
SULEV 1 0.01 4
150,000 LEV 4.2 0.09 18
LEV [2] 4.2 0.09 18
ULEV 2.1 0.055 11
SULEV 1 0.01 4
Eff. NOx g/mile PM (diesel) g/mile
Date
2004- 0.05 N/A
2009 [1] 0.07 N/A
0.05 N/A
0.07 0.01
0.1 0.01
0.07 0.01
0.02 0.01
0.07 0.01
0.1 0.01
0.07 0.01
0.02 0.01
PC = passenger car; LT = light truck; LEV = low emissions vehicle; ULEV = ultra low emissions vehicle; SULEV = super ultra low emissions vehicle; GVW = gross vehicle weight; N/A not applicable.
(1.)Tier 2 phase-in period.
(2.)Optional LEV standards applies to up to 4% of an automaker’s LDT2 (3751-5750 lbs.) fleet with a maximum base payload in excess of 2500 lbs.; After 2003, Tier 1 standards (0.25 glm NMHC) and TLEV standards will be dropped as emissions categories. The 50[degrees] F multiplier for SULEVs will be 2.0 and the cold-temperature CO standard will be 10.0.
California Emission Standards for Medium-
Duty Vehicles (US FTP 75 cycle) Effective
to 2003.
Vehicle type Category NMOG g/mile CO g/mile NOx g/mile PM g/mile
50/120K 50/120K 50/120K 50/120K
MDV4 Tier 1 0.46/0.66 5.5/8.1 1.3/1.81 –/0.12
8501-10.000 lbs. LEV 0.230/0.330 5.5/8.1 0.7/1.0 –/0.12
ULEV 0.138/0.197 5.5/8.1 0.7/1.0 –/0.06
SULEV 0.069/0.100 2.8/4.1 0.35/0.5 –/0.06
MDV5 Tire 1 0.60/0.86 7.0/10.3 2.0/2.77 –/0.12
10,001-14,000 lbs. LEV 0.300/0.430 7.0/10.3 1.0/1.5 –/0.12
ULEV 0.180/0.257 7.0/10.3 1.0/1.5 –/0.06
SULEV 0.090/0.130 3.5/5.2 0.5/0.7 –/0.06
Vehicle type HCHO g/mile
50/120K
MDV4 0.028/–
8501-10.000 lbs. 0.028/0.040
0.014/0.021
0.007/0.010
MDV5 –/–
10,001-14,000 lbs. 0.036/0.052
0.018/0.026
0.009/0.013
NMHC for all Tier 1 standards; MDV = medium-duty vehicle (max GWVR 8500-14,000 lbs.). MDV is divided into five classes based on vehicle test weight. California definition of test weight is identical to the Federal ALVW. NMOG: non-methane organic gases; HCHO: formaldehyde.
California Emission Standards for Medium-
Duty Vehicles@120K Miles
Vehicle type Category NMOG g/mile CO g/mile NOx g/mile PM g/mile
MDV LEV 0.195 6.4 0.2 0.12
8500-10.000 lbs. ULEV 0.143 6.4 0.2 0.06
GVWR SULEV 0.100 3.2 0.1 0.06
MDV LEV 0.230 7.3 0.4 0.12
10,0001-14,000 lbs. ULEV 0.167 7.3 0.4 0.06
GVWR SULEV 0.117 3.7 0.2 0.06
Vehicle type HCHO g/mile
MDV 0.032
8500-10.000 lbs. 0.016
GVWR 0.008
MDV 0.040
10,0001-14,000 lbs. 0.021
GVWR 0.010
LEV II standards include an extension and tightening of fleet average standards that require automakers to reduce fleet emission levels each year through 2010, and tightening of evaporative emission standards.
Federal Standards for Heavy-Duty
Diesel Engines (HDDE)
Eff.Date Vehicle type HC g/bhp-hr CO g/bhp-hr NOx g/bhp-hr PM g/bhp-hr
1998-2003 HD diesel truck 1.3 15.5 4.0 0.10
1998-2003 Urban bus 1.3 15.5 4.0 0.05 [1]
Heavy-duty vehicles defined as [less than]8500 lbs. GVWR. Current federal regulations do not require that complete heavy-duty diesel vehicles be chassis certified, just the engines, which are tested over the transient FTP engine dynamometer cycle. Thus, standards are expressed in g/bhp-hr. Also, since 1994 sulfur content in certification fuel has been reduced to 500-ppm wt.
(1.)in-use PM standard 0.07 g/bhp-hr. (Chassis certification may be required for complete heavy-duty gasoline vehicles with standards expressed in g/mile.)
Promulgated Federal Heavy-Duty
Diesel Engine Standards
Effective date Standard
June 2006 Diesel fuel: 15 ppm wt sulfur content
Phase in: PM: 0.01 g/bhp-hr
2007 — NOx: 0.20 g/bhp-hr
2009 — 50% NMHC: 0.14 g/bhp-hr
2010 — 100% Formaldehyde: 0.016 g/bhp-hr
Per the EPA, ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel is viewed as a “technology enabler” to allow use of advanced, sulfur-intolerant exhaust emission control technologies, such as diesel particulate filters and NOx catalysts, which will be necessary to meet 2007 emission standards.
US Diesel Fuel Standards
Parameter and unit EPA and CARB specification
Cetane 42-50
Distillation T10[degrees]F 400-460
Distillation T50[degrees]F 470-540
Distillation T90[degrees]F 560-630
FBP[degrees]F 610-690
Flash point[degrees]F 130
Aromatics % vol. 27
Sulfur ppm 300-500
Viscosity at 40[degrees]C 2.0-3.2
[mm.sup.2]/s
The EPA has proposed a diesel fuel
sulfur content limit of 15 ppm
effective June 2006 for 80% of
fuel sold by major refiners for
highway use.
Federal Full Useful Life Emission Standards
for Otto-cycle (Diesel)
Complete Vehicles Effective 2007 MY@FTP
Vehicle category NMOG g/mile NOx g/mile CO g/mile
8,500-10,000 lbs. [*] GVWR 0.28 0.9 7.3
10,001-14,000 lbs. GVWR 0.33 1.0 8.1
(*.)Excluding medium-duty passenger vehicles covered under the Tier 2 program. Vehicles tested at adjusted loaded weight (ALVW). Effective 2007 under Option 1, 2004 under Option 2 or 2005 under Option 3. Full useful life is currently defined as 110,000 miles, EPA to adopt 120,000 miles as full useful life. EPA finalizing HC standard in the form of NMOG to be consistent with California MDV standards.
Federal Emission Standards for MY
2004 and Later Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine
Option NMHC + NOx g/bhp-hr NMHC g/bhp-hr
1 2.4 N/A
2 2.5 0.5
Goal of standard per EPA, CARB and heavy-duty diesel manufacturer agreement is to reduce heavy-duty highway NOx emissions to about 2.0 g/bhp-hr. Manufacturers can certify their engines under either option. Emission standards other than NMHC and NOx continue at their 1998 levels. Beginning in 2004, EPA will enforce revised definition of useful life of heavy-duty engines for all emissions: 435,000 miles or 10 years. whichever comes first. EPA and CARB standards harmonized, though CARB has different standards for urban bus engines.
HDDE Supplemental Steady State Test,
Effective 2007 MY (consistent with Euro
III Esc Test, but not all aspects Identical)
Mode Engine Speed Percent Weighting
number load factor
1 Idle — 0.15
2 [N.sub.lo] + 0.25 x ([n.sub.hi]-[n.sub.lo]) 100 0.08
3 [N.sub.lo] + 0.50 x ([n.sub.hi]-[n.sub.lo]) 50 0.10
4 [N.sub.lo] + 0.50 x ([n.sub.hi]-[n.sub.lo]) 75 0.10
5 [N.sub.lo] + 0.25 x ([n.sub.hi]-[n.sub.lo]) 50 0.05
6 [N.sub.lo] + 0.25 x ([n.sub.hi]-[n.sub.lo]) 75 0.05
7 [N.sub.lo] + 0.25 x ([n.sub.hi]-[n.sub.lo]) 25 0.05
8 [N.sub.lo] + 0.50 x ([n.sub.hi]-[n.sub.lo]) 100 0.09
9 [N.sub.lo] + 0.50 x ([n.sub.hi]-[n.sub.lo]) 25 0.10
10 [N.sub.lo] + 0.75 x ([n.sub.hi]-[n.sub.lo]) 100 0.08
11 [N.sub.lo] + 0.75 x ([n.sub.hi]-[n.sub.lo]) 25 0.05
12 [N.sub.lo] + 0.75 x ([n.sub.hi]-[n.sub.lo]) 75 0.05
13 [N.sub.lo] + 0.75 x ([n.sub.hi]-[n.sub.lo]) 50 0.05
Mode Model
number length
(minutes)
1 4
2 2
3 2
4 2
5 2
6 2
7 2
8 2
9 2
10 2
11 2
12 2
13 2
Nhi: high speed determined by calculating 70% of maximum power;
NIo: low speed determined by calculating 50% of maximum power;
Maximum power calculated according to engine mapping procedures
EUROPE
EC 93 and EC 96 (Euro 1 and 2)
Passenger Cars ([less than]2.5t GVW,
[less than] 6 seats)
Directives 91/441/EEC
or 93/59/EEC (“EC 93”)
Directives 94/12/EC or
96/69/EC (“EC96”)
EC 93 [2] EC 96
Test Emissions Unit TA-FR TA-FR
7/92-1/93 1/96 – 1/97
Gasoline = Diesel Gasoline Diesel
ECE + EUDC [*] HC + [NO.sub.x] g/km .097 (1.13) 0.5 0.7
CO 2.72 (3.16) 2.2 1
PM [1] 0.14 (0.18) – 0.08
Euro III, (2000) and Euro IV
(2005) Emission Standards
For Passenger Cars and Light
Commercial Vehicles @ Modified
ECE + EUDC Driving Cycle
Eff. Date Category/class Ref. Mass Fuel type
2000 [M.sup.1]/- Al; [2] Petrol
Diesel
[[N.sup.3].sub.1]/1 [less than or equal to] 1305 kg Petrol
Diesel
[[N.sup.3].sub.1]/2 1305 [less than or equal to] Petrol
1760 kg Diesel
[[N.sup.3].sub.1]/3 1760 [less than] Petrol
1760 kg Diesel
2005 [M.sup.2]/- Al; [2] Petrol
Diesel
[[N.sup.3].sub.1]/1 [less than or equal to] 1305 kg Petrol
Diesel
[[N.sup.3].sub.1]/2 1305 [less than or equal to] Petrol
1760 kg Diesel
[[N.sup.3].sub.1]/3 1760 [less than] Petrol
1760 kg Diesel
Eff. Date CO g/km HC g/km NOx g/km HC + NOx PM [1] g/km
g/km
2000 2.3 0.20 0.15 — —
0.64 — 0.50 0.56 0.050
2.3 0.20 0.15 — —
0.64 — 0.50 0.56 0.050
4.17 0.25 0.18 — —
0.80 — 0.65 0.72 0.070
5.22 0.29 0.21 — —
0.95 — 0.78 0.86 0.100
2005 1.0 0.10 0.08 — —
0.50 — 0.25 0.30 0.025
1.0 0.10 0.08 — —
0.50 — 0.25 0.30 0.025
1.81 0.13 0.10 — —
0.63 — 0.33 0.39 0.040
2.27 0.16 0.11 — —
0.74 — 0.39 0.46 0.06
Modified ECE+EUDC driving cycle deletes first 40 seconds of idle period/start of bag sampling at engine crank 2000 limits implemented 1/1/2000 for new type M and N Class 1; 1/1/2001 for new type N Class 1 and 2, and all model M and N Class 1; and 1/1/2002 for all model N Class 2 and 3. 2005 limits implemented 111/2005 for new type M and N Class 1; 1/1/2006 for all model M and N Class 1, and new type N Class 1 and 2; 1/1/2007 for all model N Class 2 and 3.
(1.)PM limits for compression ignition engines only;
(2.)M category vehicles over 2500 kg are treated as N Class 1 vehicles. M category diesel vehicles over 2000 kg that carry more than six people or classed as off-road are treated as N Category vehicles until 1/1/2003;
(3.)Plus Category M vehicles as indicated in footnote 2.
Large Passenger Cars and Light Duty Trucks
(7-9 seats, [greater than]2.5t
GVW, LDT [less than] 3.5t
GVW – Directive 96-69/EC)
Test Emissions Unit
Step I: TA 10/93, FR 10/94
ECE + EUDC [*] HC + [NO.sub.x] g/km
CO
PM [1]
Step II: TA 1/97 (CI. I),
1/198 (CI. II, III). FR 10/97
(I), 10/98 (II,III)
ECE + EUDC [*] HC + [NO.sub.x] g/km
CO
HC + [NO.sub.x] [1] g/km
CO [1]
PM [1]
Test Class I [2]
[less than or equal to]
1250 kg [3]
Step I: TA 10/93, FR 10/94
ECE + EUDC [*] 0.97 (1.13)
2.72 (3.16)
0.14 (0.18)
Step II: TA 1/97 (CI. I),
1/198 (CI. II, III). FR 10/97
(I), 10/98 (II,III)
ECE + EUDC [*] 0.5
2.2
0.7/09
1.0
0.08/0.1
Test Class II [2]
[greater than] 1250 kg
[greater than] 1700 kg [3]
Step I: TA 10/93, FR 10/94
ECE + EUDC [*] 1.4 (1.6)
5.17 (6.0)
0.19 (0.22)
Step II: TA 1/97 (CI. I),
1/198 (CI. II, III). FR 10/97
(I), 10/98 (II,III)
ECE + EUDC [*] 0.6
4.0
1.0/1.3
1.25
0.12/0.14
Test Class III [2]
[greater than]1700 kg [3]
Step I: TA 10/93, FR 10/94
ECE + EUDC [*] 1.7 (2.0)
6.9 (8.0)
0.25 (0.29)
Step II: TA 1/97 (CI. I),
1/198 (CI. II, III). FR 10/97
(I), 10/98 (II,III)
ECE + EUDC [*] 0.7
5.0
1.2/1.6
1.5
0.17/0.2
(*.)ECE + EUDC driving cycle
includes first 40 seconds of idle period
start of bag sampling at engine crank
(MVEG-B).
(1.)Diesel vehicles,
(2.)COP values
(3.)Reference weight in running
order plus 25 kg
Summary of European Union Fuel Specifications
Petrol RVP summer Aromatics Benzene Sulfur Olefins Oxygen
kpa %v/v %v/v ppm %v/v %m/m
2000 60 42 1 150 18 2.7
2005 — 35 — 60 — —
Diesel polyaromatics Sulfur Cetane Density Distillation —
%v/v ppm Number 15 kg/m3 95% C
2000 11 350 51(Min) 845 360 —
2005 — 50 — — — —
The German government plans to push for a
european Introduction of low-sulfur gasoline
and diesel with a maximum of 10 ppm as of
January 1, 2003.
Euro III, IV and V emission Standards for
Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines ESC + ELR
Test Cycle
Tier Eff.Date CO g/kWh HC g/kWh NOx g/kWh PM g/kWh Smoke [m.sup.1]
Euro III 1999(EEVs) 1.5 0.25 2.0 0.02 0.15
2000 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10 0.80
0.13 [*]
Euro IV 2005 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 0.50
Euro V 2008 1.5 0.46 2.0 0.02 0.50
EEV = enhanced environmentally friendly vihicle; (*.)for engines less than 0.75 [dm.sup.2] swept volume per cylinder and rated power speed of more than 3000 [min.sup.1]. Euro V HD diesel slandards, as proposed.
Euro III, IV and V Emission Standards for
Heavy-Duty Diesel and Petrol Engines ETC
Test Cycle
Tier Eff.Date Co g/kWh NMHC [CH.sub.4] g/kWh [1] NOx PM [2]
g/kWh g/kwh
Euro III 1999 (EEVs) 3.0 0.40 0.65 2.0 0.02
2000 5.45 0.78 1.6 5.0 0.16
0.21 [3]
Eruo IV 2005 4.0 0.55 1.1 3.5 0.03
Euro V 2008 4.0 0.55 1.1 2.0 0.03
EEV = enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle; (1.)for natural gas engines only; (2.)not applicable to petrol engines at 2000 and 2005 tiers; (3.)for engines less then 0.75 [dm.sup.3] swept volume per cylinder end rated power speed of more than 3000 [min.sup.4]
JAPAN
JAPAN TAILPIPE EMISSION LIMITS
Eff. Date Vehicle type
Petrol 2000 PC & LDV [less than or equal to] 1.7 t GVW
& LPG 2001 MDV [greater than]1.7-[less than or equal to]
3.5 t GVW
2002 Mini-sized trucks
Eff. date Vehicle type
2001-2002 HDV [greater than] 3.5 t GVW
NOx HC CO
10.15-mode test g/km 10.15-mode test g/km 10.15-mode test g/km
(11-Mode test g/test) (11-Mode test g/test) (11-Mode test g/test)
Petrol 0.08 (1.40) 0.08 (2.20) 0.67 (19.00)
& LPG 0.13 (1.60) 0.08 (2.20) 2.10 (24.00)
0.13 (2.20) 0.13 (3.50) 3.30 (38.00)
NOx HC CO
G13-mode test g/kWh G13-mode test g/kWh G13-mode test g/kWh
1.40 0.58 16.00
(2002) (2001) (2001)
Eff. Date Vehicle type NOx g/km PM g/km
Diesel 2002 [less than or equal to] 1.25 t GVW [1] 0.28 0.052
2002 medium cars [greater than] 1.25 t GVW [1] 0.30 0.056
2002 LD trucks & buses [less than or equal to] 0.28 0.052
1.7 t GVW [2]
2003 Diesel MD trucks & buses [greater than] 0.49 0.06
1.7-[less than or equal to]2.5 t GVW [2]
Diesel 2003 HD trucks & buses [greater than]2.5- 3.38 0.18
[less than or equal to]12.0 t GVW
2004 Diesel HD trucks & buses [greater than] 3.38 0.18
12.0 t GVW[2]
HC g/km CO g/km Test cycle
Diesel 0.12 0.63 10.15-mode test
0.12 0.63
0.12 0.63
0.12 0.63
Diesel 0.87 2.22 D13-mode test
0.87 2.22
Summary of Japan Fuel Specifications
Petrol RVP @ 37.8[degrees] C kPa Sulfur (%m/m) Benzene (%v/v) MTBE (%v/v)
max max max max
Premium 44-78 [1] 0.01 5.0 7.0
Regular 44-78 [1] 0.01 5.0 7.0
Petrol Lead Methanol Density (kg/m3) Oxidation
max stability min
Premium 0 0 0.783 240
Regular 0 0 0.783 240
Diesel Cetane Number min Sulfur (%m/m) Distillation 90% v/v
max rec ([degrees]C) max
Sp. No. 1 50 0.05 360
No. 1 50 0.05 360
No. 2 45 0.05 350
No. 3 45 0.05 330 [2]
Sp. No. 3 45 0.05 330
Diesel Kinematic Carbon residue Cold flow pour
viscosity (cSt) (%wt). 10% point ([degrees]C) max
30[degrees]C min residual oil max
Sp. No. 1 2.7 0.1 +5
No. 1 2.7 0.1 -2.5
No. 2 2.0 0.1 -7.5
No. 3 2.0 0.1 -20
Sp. No. 3 1.8 0.1 -30
Diesel Cold flow cloud Flash point PM
point ([degrees]C) max ([degrees]C) min
Sp. No. 1 — 50
No. 1 -1 50
No. 2 -5 50
No. 3 -2 50
Sp. No. 3 — 50
Table indicates current limits. The Japanese government expects to determine new specific limits and fuel requirements by the end of 2002. (1.)RVP 93 kPa maximum for cold climates; (2.)if viscosity = 1 [greater than] 4.7 mm2/sec, 90% point should be [less than]350[degrees]C.
JAPANESE DIESEL 13 MODE CYCLE
Mode Speed Load Weighting
(% of nominal) (%) factor
1 idle – 0.410/2
2 40 20 0.037
3 40 40 0.027
4 idel – 0.410/2
5 60 20 0.029
6 60 40 0.064
7 80 40 0.041
8 80 60 0.032
9 60 60 0.077
10 60 80 0.055
11 60 95 0.049
12 80 80 0.037
13 60 5 0.142
OTHER COUNTRIES
TAILPIPE EMISSION LIMITS FOR OTHER COUNTRIES
ARGENTINA Eff. Date Vehicle Type CO g/km HC g/km NOx g/km
1997 [3] PC, LD imports 2.0 0.3 0.6
[less than or equal to]2.8t
1998 PC, LD all new 6.2 0.5 1.43
reg [less than or equal to]2.8t
Eff. date Vehicle type CO HC NOx
g/kWh g/kWh g/kWh
1997 HD [greater than] 2.8t all 11.2 2.4 14.4
vehicles
1996 HD [greater than] 2.8t urban 4.9 1.23 9.0
bus
1998 HD [greater than] 2.8t all 4.0 1.1 7.0
diesels
ARGENTINA PM g/[km.sup.2] CO idle %v [1] HC idle ppm [1] Evap g/test [1]
0.124 0.5 250 6.0
0.16 [4] 0.5 250 —
PM g/kWh [2] CO idle %v [1] HC idle ppm [1] Evap
g/test [1]
0.4/0.68 2.5 400 —
0.4/0.68 — — —
0.15/0.255 — — —
ARGENTINA Test cycle
US FTP 75
Test cycle
UN-ECE R49
AUSTRALIA Vehicle type
PV [less than or equal to] 3.5 t
PV [greater than] 3.5 t
Bus [less than or equal to] 3.5 t
Bus [greater than] 3.5 – 5 t
Bus [greater than] 5 t
Truck [less than or equal to] 3.5 t
Truck [greater than] 3.5 – 12 t
Truck [greater than] 12 t
AUSTRALIA Eff. 2002-2003 for diesel [1,3,4,5]
ADR 79/00
(Euro 2)
ADR 80/00
(Euro 3 or US 98) [6]
ADR 79/00
(Euro 2)
ADR 80/00
(Euro 3 or US 98) [6]
ADR 80/00
(Euro 3 or US 98) [6]
ADR 79/00
(Euro 2)
AR 80/00
(Euro 3 or US 98) [6]
ADR 80/00
(Euro 3 or US 98) [6]
AUSTRALIA Eff. 2003-2004 for petrol [1,3,4] Eff. 2005-2006 for petrol [2,4]
ADR 79/00 ADR 79/01
(Euro 2) [6] (Euro 3) [6]
ADR 80/00 ADR 80/01
(US 96) [7] (US 98) [7]
ADR 79/00 ADR 79/01
(Euro 2) [6] (Euro 3) [6]
ADR 80/00 ADR 80/01
(US 96) [7] (US 98) [7]
ADR 80/00 ADR 80/01
(US 96) [7] (US 98) [7]
ADR 79/00 ADR 79/01
(Euro 2) [6] (Euro 3) [6]
ADR 80/00 ADR 80/01
(US 96) [7] (US 98) [7]
ADR 80/00 ADR 80/01
(US 96) [7] (US 98) [7]
AUSTRALIA Eff. 2006-2007 for diesel [2,4,5]
ADR 79/01
(Euro 4)
ADR 80/01
(Euro 4 or US 2004) [6]
ADR 79/01
(Euro 4)
ADR 80/01
(Euro 4 or US 2004) [6]
ADR 80/01
(Euro 4 or US 2004) [6]
ADR 79/01
(Euro 4)
ADR 80/01
(Euro 4 or US 2004) [6]
ADR 80/01
(Euro 4 or US 2004) [6]
BRAZIL Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/km HC g/km NOx g/km CO idle %
1999 LDV[less than]2800 kg 2.0 0.3 0.6 0.5
CO HC g/kWh NOx g/kWh PM g/kWh
g/kWh
1997 HD petrol and 11.2 2.4 14.4 0.4
diesel
1996 Urban bus 4.9 1.23 9.0 0.4
1998 HD diesel 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
BRAZIL HC idle ppm — Test cycle
250 — US FTP 75
CO idle % HC idle ppm Test cycle
2.5 400 ECE R-49
— —
— —
BULGARIA Eff. Date
1997
Eff. Date
1997
CANADA Refer to US charts. Canada harmonized with
all US vehicle standards and test cycles.
Refer to CARB charts. The Province of
British Columbia has adopted CARB standards
as of 2001.
BULGARIA Vehicle type CO g/test HC + NOx NOx g/test
g/test
Petrol LDV [less than] 1400 cm [3] 25 6.5 3.5
Petrol LDV 1400-2000 cm [3] 30 8.0 N/A
Petrol LDV [greater than] 2000 cm [3] 45 15.0 6.0
Vehicle type CO g/test HC + NOx PM g/test
g/test
Diesel LDV [less than] 1400 cm [3] 30 8.0 1.1
Diesel LDV 1400-2000 cm [3] 25 8.0 1.1
Diesel LDV [greater than]2000 cm [3] 45 6.0 1.1
CANADA
BULGARIA Test cycle
ECE R 15
CANADA
CHILE Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/km HC g/km NOx g/km PM g/km
1995 PC 2.11 0.25 0.82 0.125
1995 LDT [less than]3800 kp 6.2 0.5 1.43 0.16
CHILE Test cycle
US FTP 75
Eff. Vehicle CO g/kWh HC g/kWh NOx g/kWh PM g/kWh Test cycle
1998 HD diesel 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 ECE R 49
1998 HD petrol 37.1 1.9 5.0 — US 13-mode
1998 Santiago urban bus 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 ECE R49
CHINA Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/km
2000 PC 2.72
LDV [less than or equal to] 1250 kg 2.72
LDV 1251-1700 kg 5.17
LDV [less than] l700 kg 6.9
2002 or Petrol PC 2.2
2005 [1] Diesel PC 1.0
Petrol LDV [less than or equal to] 1250 kg 2.2
Diesel LDV [less than or equal to] 1250 kg 1.0
Petrol LDV 1251-1700 kg 4.0
Diesel LDV 1251-1700 kg 1.25
Petrol LDV [greater than] 1700 kg 5.0
Diesel LDV [greater than] 1700 kg 1.5
CHINA HC + NOx g/km PM g/km Test cycle
0.97 0.14 ECE R15+EUDC
0.97 0.14 ETP
1.40 0.19
1.7 0.25
0.5 — ECE R15+EUDC
0.7 (IDI) 0.08 (IDI)
0.9 (DI) 0.1 (DI)
0.5 — ECE+EUDC
0.7 0.08
0.6 —
1.0 0.08
1.5 —
1.2 0.17
Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/kWh HC g/kWh NOx g/kWh PM g/kWh
2000 HDV [greater than] 3500 kg GVW 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
2005 HDV [greater than] 3500 kg GVW 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
Eff. Date Test cycle
2000 Chinese 9-mode
2005
COLOMBIA Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/kWh
1997 LDV [less than] 2800 kg 2.10
(imp) MDV 2800 – 3860 kg 11.2
1998 Vehiclo type CO g/bhp.h
(dom) HDV [greater than] 3860 kg 25.0
COSTA RICA As of 1998. Costa Rica
accepts either US 87 or
EC 93 compliant vehicles.
COLOMBIA HC g/km NOx g/km Test cycle
0.25 0.62 US FTP 75
1.05 1.43
HC + NOx g/bhp.h Test cycle
10.0 US 13-mode
COSTA RICA
CROATIA Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/test
N/A Petrol LDV [less than] 1400 [cm.sup.3] 25
Diesel LDV [less than] 1400 [cm.sup.3] 30
LDV 1400-2000 [cm.sup.3] 45
LDV [greater than] 2000 [cm.sup.3] 45
CZECH &
SLOVAK 1996 Petrol LDV [less than] 1400 [cm.sup.3] 25
REPUBLICS Disel LDV [less than] 1400 [cm.sup.3] 30
LDV 1400-2000 [cm.sup.3] 30
LDV [greater than] 2000 [cm.sup.3] 45
Petrol PC/LDV [less than or equal to] 2.2
3.5 [t.sup.*]
Disel PC/LDV [less than or equal to] 1.0
3.5 [t.sup.*]
CROATIA HC + NOx g/test NOx g/test PM g/test Test cycle
6.5 3.5 — ECE
8.0 — 1.1 R 15
15.0 6.0 1.1
15.0 6.0 1.1
CZECH &
SLOVAK 6.5 3.5 — ECE
REPUBLICS 8.0 — 1.1 R 15
8.0 — 1.1
15.0 6.0 1.1
0.5 — —
0.7 — 0.08
Eff. Date Vehicle type
1992 HDV [greater than] 3.51
EGYPT Adoption of EC 93 emissions standards
under discussion, with implementation
in 2003 at the earliest.
EL SALVADOR In 1998, El Salvador implemented US
87 regulations.
CO g/kWh HC g/kWh NOx g/kWh PM g/kWh Test cycle
4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 ECE
R 49
EGYPT
EL SALVADOR
HONG KONG Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/km HC + NOx g/km PM g/km
1996 Petrol LV 2.2 0.5 —
IDI diesel LV 1.0 0.9 0.1
DI diesel LV 1.0 0.7 0.08
2001 LDV Reler to Euro 3 table
HONG KONG Evap g/test Test cycle
2.0 ECE + EUDC
—
—
Eff. Date Vahicle type CO g/kWh HC g/kWh NOx g/kWh PM g/kWh Test cycle
1996 HDV 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 ECE R 49
HUNGARY Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/km HC + NOx g/km NOx g/km PM g/km
2000 Petrol LDV 30 8.0 — —
Diesel LDV 30 8.0 — 1.1
HUNGARY Test cycle
ECE R15
Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/kWh HC g/kWh
1997 HDV 11.2 2.4
INDIA In April 2000, India adopted 91/441/EEC
using the ECE 15 + EUDC test cycle with
maximum speed limited to 90 km/h. PM
for engines below 85 kW in heavy-duty
vehicles above 3.5 t GVW were set at
0.36 g/kWh.
NOx g/kWh PM g/kWh Test cycle
14.4 0.15 US 13-mode
INDIA
INDONESIA Indonesia has CO limits of 4.5% volume;
HC limits of 1200 ppm and diesel smoke
opacity limit of 50% for four-wheeled
vehicles. The country will adopt EC 96
(Euro 3) standards in 2003 per the
ASEAN agreement.
ISRAEL Israel has adopted EC 93 (91/441/EEC
and 83/351/EEC, respectively) for light-
and medium-duty vehicles; 72-306/EEC +
88/77/EEC for heavy-duty vehicles.
Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/km
KOREA 2000 Petrol/LPG minicars [less than or equal to] 800 cc 2.11
Petrol/LPG PC [greater than] 800cc [less than]3.0t 2.11
Diesel PC’ [greater than or equal to] 2.11
800 cc [less than] 3.0t
Petrol/LPG LDT [less than or equal to] 1.7 t 2.11
Petrol/LPG LDT 1.7-3.0 t 2.74
Diesel LDT [less than or equal to] 1.7 t Dl & IDI 2.11
Diesel LDT 1.7-3.0 t Dl & IDI 2.11
2004 Petrol/LPG LDT [less than or equal to] 1.7t 1.27
Petrol/LPG LDT 1.7-3.0 t 1.65
Diesel LDT [less than or equal to] 1.7 t Dl & IDI 1.27
Diesel LDT 1.7-3.0 t Dl & IDI 1.52
HC p/km NOx p/km PM g/km Test cycle
KOREA 0.16 0.25 — US FTP 75
0.16 0.25 —
0.25 0.62 0.05
0.25 0.62 —
0.29 0.43 —
0.25 1.02 0.11
0.50 1.40 0.14
0.18 0.16 —
0.24 0.30 —
0.21 0.64 0.06
0.33 0.71 0.08
Eff. Date Vehicle type
2000 HD petrol@40,000 km
HD diesel@40,000 km
2003 [2] HD petrol@80,000 km
HD diesel@80,000 km
MALAYSIA In 2000 Malaysia adopted 94/12/EEC for
light-duty vehicles. As of 1997,
heavy-duty vehicles above 3.5 t
had to comply with ECE R 49/20, and
light-duty diesels had to meet 93/59/EEC
limits. The country will adopt EC 96
in 2003 per the ASEAN agreement.
THC g/kWh CO g/kWh NOx g/kWh PM g/kWh Test cycle
1.3 33.5 5.5 — D-13
1.2 4.9 6.0 0.25
0.9 4.0 3.5 —
0.66 2.1 5.0 0.1
MALAYSIA
Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/mile
MEXICO 1997 PC 3.4
LCV [less than or equal to] 6012 lbs. GVW 14.0
LDT 6013-6614 lbs. GVW 14.0
HC g/mile NOx g/mile PM g/mile Test cycle
MEXICO 0.40 1.0 — US FTP 75
1.0 2.30 —
1.0 2.30 —
Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/bhp.h HC g/bhp.h
1998 HD diesel 1.3 15.5
MD diesel 1.3 15.5
NORWAY Norway accepts vehicles that meet
EC 96 emissions limits, per
the ECE + EUDC test cycle.
NOx PM g/bhp.h Test cycle
g/bhp.h
4.0 0.05 US 13-mode
4.0 0.10
NORWAY
Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/km HC + NOx g/km PM g/km
PHILIPPINES 2000 PC 2.72 0.97 0.14
LDV [less than] 1250 kg 2.27 0.97 0.14
LDV 1251-1700 kg 5.17 1.4 0.19
LDV [less than] 1700 kg 6.9 1.7 0.25
2003 Petrol PC 2.2 0.5 —
Diesel PC 1.0 0.7 0.08
— Test cycle
PHILIPPINES — CFI
—
—
—
—
—
Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/kWh
2003 HDV 4.5
POLAND In 1995 PC/LDV followed R 83/02 B&C
per the ECE R15 + EUDC test cycle,
and LDV 93/59/EC at the ECE + EUDC
test cycle. As of 1993, NDV complied
with R 49/02 and 91/542/EC. Poland
is expected to be in full compliance with
Euro 3 regulations by the end of 2000.
HC g/kWh NOx g/kWh PM g/kWh Test cycle
1.1 8.0 0.36 N/A
POLAND
Eff. Date Vehicle type Adopted standard
ROMANIA 2000 PC & LVD [less than or equal to] 3.5 t R 83/01
2002 PC & LVD [less than or equal to] 3.5 t R 83/02
1996 HDV [greater than]3.5 t ECE R 24/30
2002 HDV [greater than]3.5 t ECE R 49/02B
Eff. Date
RUSSIA 1997
1999
1999
SINGAPORE 2000
1997
1997
SLOVENIA 1998
1994
SWITZERLAND Switzerland has harmonized all requirements
to accept EC 96 standards.
Vehicle type
RUSSIA Diesel PC/LDV [less than or equal to] 3.5 t
Petrol PC/LDV [less than or equal to] 3.5 t
HDV
SINGAPORE Petrol/Diesel PC
LCV
HDV
SLOVENIA PC & LDV [less than or equal to] 3.5 t
HDV
SWITZERLAND
Adopted standard
RUSSIA R 83/02 @ ECE R15 + EUDC
R 83/02 @ ECE R15 + EUDC
ECE R 49/02 A & B
SINGAPORE EC 96 @ ECE + EUDC
93/59/EEC
91/542/EEC Stage 1
SLOVENIA ECE R 83/02
ECE R 24/03 + R 49/02
SWITZERLAND
Eff. Date Vehicle type CO g/km HC g/km
TAIWAN 2000 Petrol PC [less than or equal to] 3.5 t 2.11 0.255
1998 Petrol LV & bus 6.20 0.50
[less than or equal to] 1200 cc
1999 Petrol LV & bus [greater than] 3.11 0.242
1200 cc
1998 LD diesetl [less than or equal to] 2.5 t 2.125 0.156
GVW
NOx g/km PM g/km Idle CO %v Idle HC ppm Test cycle
TAIWAN 0.62 — 3.5 600 US FTP
1.43 — 0.5 100
0.68 — 0.5 100
0.25 0.05 — —
Eff. Date Vehicle type CO HC g/bhp.h NOx PM
g/bhp.h g/bhp.h g/bhp.h
Current HD diesel [greater than] 3.5 t 10.0 1.3 6.0 0.7
GVW
Eff. Date Idle CO Idle HC Test cycle
Current — — US Transient
Eff. Date
THAILAND 1999
Eff. Date
1999
TURKEY Between 1995-2000, Turkey phased-in R 83/01
@ ECE R15 for diesel and petrol light-duty
vehicles.
VIETNAM Implementation of EC 93 in 2003 as per ASEAN
agreement.
Vehicle type HC g/km NNOx g/km CO g/km PM g/km
THAILAND Petrol PC & LDV 0.5 — 2.2 —
Diesel PC & LDV 0.7 — 1.0 0.08
Vehicle type HC g/kWh NOx g/Kwh CO g/kWh PM g/kWh
Diesel HDV [greater than] 3.5 t 1.1 7.0 4.0 0.15
TURKEY
VIETNAM
Test cycle
THAILAND ECE + EUDC
Test cycle
N/A
TURKEY
VIETNAM
ARGENTINA: Crankcase emissions are not permitted from naturally aspirated engines. Crankcase emissions are added to exhaust emissions for turbocharged vehicles. (1.)petrol engines only; (2.)diesel only, HD smoke limits per ECE R 24.01. dual limits for vehicles with max power above/below 85 kW; (3.)1999 for all new registrations; (4.)PM 0.31 g/km for vehicles [less than] 1700 kg. Emissions compliance 80,000 km/5 years for passenger cars and light-duty vehicles end 160,000 km/5 years for heavy-duty vehicles. AUSTRALIA: (1.)Adopts requirements of ECE R83/04: (2.)Adopts requirements of 98/69/EC. ADR will mandate only Euro 3 provisions of 98/69/EC for petrol vehicles, but allow optional compliance with Euro 4; (3.)Adopts requirements of 99/96/EC; (4.)”/00″ and “/01” represent 2002-2004 and 2005-2007 groupings of new requirements; (5.)A new smoke standard, ADR/30/0l also applies to all diesel vehicles from 2002-2003. This adopts ECE R24/03 and allows US 94 smoke standards as an alternative; (6.)Standards also apply to LPG or NG vehicles; (7.)UN ECE and EU have no standards for medium-duty petrol engines, so US EPA is adopted. BRAZIL: CO idle % for petrol-fueled vehicles only. BULGARIA: Standards based on ECE 83/01. CHINA: 2000 PC standards based on 91/441/EC; 2000 LDV standards based on EC 93/59. PM limits apply to diesel vehicles only. 2002/2005 standards based on EC 96/69. Heavy-duty vehicle standards in 2000 equivalent to Euro 1, in 2002 to Euro 2. (1.)China provides an option for automakers to subscribe to either 91/441 (2000) and 94/12 (2005) or 94/12 (2002) for passenger cars; and 93/59 (2000) and 96/69 (2005) or 96/69 (2002). Financial incentives are attached to the more stringent emissions limits. CROATIA: Standards based on ECE R 83/01. PM limits apply to diesel vehicles only. CZECH AND SLOVAK REPUBLICS: Standards based on ECE R 83/01. PM limits for diesel vehicles only. PM limits for heavy-duty vehicles: for engine 85 kW or less, limit value is increased by multiplying the quoted limit by a coefficient of 1.7; limit is 0 .25 g/kWh for engines with a cylinder swept volume of [less than] 0.7 dm3 and a rated power speed of [greater than] 3000 min-1. ‘Standard similar to ft 83/02 with ECE R15 + EUDC test cycle. HONG KONG: Light-vehicle standards follow 94/12/EEC; heavy-duty vehicles follow 91/542/EEC. PM limits for heavy-duty vehicles: for engine 85 kW or less, limit value is increased by multiplying the quoted limit by a coefficient of 1.7; limit is 0.25 g/kWh for engines with a cylinder swept volume of [less than] 0.7 dm3 and a rated power speed of [greater than] 3000 min-1. HUNGARY: Light-duty standards follow ECE 83/01; heavy-duty standards follow ECE R 49/01. JAPAN: LD = light duty; MD = medium duty; HD = heavy duty; (1.)category/type determined by equivalent inertia weight (EIV), in which EIV of [less than] 1.25 t = vehicle weight of [less than] 1.265 t; (2.)category/type determined by gross vehicle weight (GVW), in which GVW/kg = vehicle weight + maximum loading capacity + (riding capacity x 55). KOREA: 2000 LV standards equ ivalent to US 94 + ECE R-49, to 80.000 km. (1.)for vans [less than] 8 passengers, NOx 0.14 g/km and 0.11 g/km effective 1995 and 2000. respectively; (2.)ND-13 mode proposed. MEXICO: Mexico PC, LDV and LOT standards equivalent to US 94 without OBO provision. No standards have been established for new heavy-duty petrol trucks and buses. PHILIPPINES: CFI is constant volume measurement technique. PM limits for diesel only 2000 PC standards based on 91/441/EEC. 2000 LDV limits based on 93/59/EC. 2003 PC limits based on EC 96 using ECE +/- EUOC test cycle. For HDV, PM limit is increased for engines of 85 kW or less, by multiplying the quoted limit by a coefficient of 1.7. SINGAPORE: JIS 93 for light commercial vehicles, and JIS 94 for passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles, were accepted as alternative compliance during the 1997-1998 phase-in period. TAIWAN: Based in US 94 without 080 requirements. Diesel passenger vehicles are not allowed. Heavy-duty diesel smoke limit is 40% opacity under acceleration and full load . THAILAND: PC and LDV limits reference 94/12/EEC. HD limits reference 96/1/EEC. Thailand plans to implement EC 96 standards in 2003 as per the ASEAN agreement.
Sources for all data include: US EPA. CARB, [dmc.sup.2] AG, CONCAWE, Motor Vehicle Standards Around the World (June 2000), DieselNet, as well as various government ministries, environmental organizations and industry sources. Data in this chart represents information that is believed to be current at time of publication. Information is believed to be accurate and is presented as a reference source but does not replace official government mandates. All regulations are subject to change.
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